French Literature Today

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f,aLlhkag ;¾ckh lr ‍fmd;a ,shjd.;a m%xY idys;H

m%xY idys;H f,dfõ j;auka l;dj i;Hhls' m%xY cd;slfhda idys;H weÆï we;af;dah' fï we,au ishjia .Kkla ÿrg Èj hkakls' tla WodyrKhla .ksuq' j¾I 1802 § Wm; ,nd 1885 § ñh .sh f,da m%lg ‍f,aLl úlag¾ yshqf.da jir yegla muK jQ ;ukaf.a idys;H Èúfha§ fõÈld kdgH 11lao" lú ‍fmd;a 17la muKo" kjl;d kjhlao" fjk;a idys;H rpkd lD;s 10la muKo ,Shd ;sfí' Tyq ck;d m%idoh ,enqfõ kjl;dlrefjl= f,iska jqjo kjl;d ,shkakg Tyq olajd we;af;a oeä w,iluls' ta w,ilug fya;= ;snqKs' Tyqf.a jvd;a ckm%sh ks¾udKh jQ Les Misarable msgq 1100lska hqla;h' fuys uq,a w;a msgm; msgq 8000lska hqla; ùÆ'  jir lSmhla mqrd úlag¾ yshqf.da oyy;a j;djla fï w;a msgmf;a jerÈ ksjerÈ lrñka h<s h<s;a ,shd ;sfí' ;j;a wdldrhlska lshkafka kï msgq 50000lg wdikak m%udKhla Tyq w;ska ,shd ;sfí' mß.Kl ;dlaIKh fyda wvqu ;rñka h;=re ,shkhlaj;a fkd;snqKq fï wjêfha msgq mkia odyla w;ska ,shd ‍f,aLlfhl= ;=< w,ilula we;s ùu idudkH fohls'

flfia fyda fõjd 1834 § Tyq ,shQ Claude Gueux  ‍fmd; 1831 § ,shQ Notre Dame de Paris ;rï ckm%sh fkdjQ ksid;a jir úiaila mqrdu Tyq lsisÿ kjl;djla ,Sfõ ke;' i;H jYfhkau h<s lsis Èkl kjl;djla ,sùfï woyi Tyq ;=< fkdúKs' ldjHlrKfha fhfokd .uka" foaYmd,k yd wOHdmksl ,sms ,shñka Tyq ;ukaf.a wd¾:sl moku ia:djr lr.;a w;r kjl;djla ,sùfï jqjukdjla fmfkkakg ;snqfKa ke;' tfy;a Les Misarable kjl;dj ,shkakg úlag¾ yshqf.da ‍fmd<Ujk ,oafoa mdGlhka úisks' wÆ;a ‍fmd;la ,shkakg hehs b,a,d isáñka Tyqg Èklg ,sms úiaila ;syla ,enqKq nj lshfõ' wo ojfi meßisfha Vosge p;=ri%fha msysá úlag¾ yshqf.da fl!;=ld.drfha ^úlag¾ yshqf.da fï ksjfia 1832 isg 1848 olajd l=,S ksjeisfhla f,iska jdih lr ;sfí' ^Tyqf.a ienE ksji msysgd ;sfnkafka fkduekaÈ m%foaYfha Guernesey kï .ïudkfhah' fuys mÈxÑj isáoa§h Tyq Les Misarable ,shk ,oafoa& fuu mdGl ,sms olskakg ,efí' j¾I 1852 § ;ukaf.a ys;j;a mdGlfhl= jQ w,dka fudkafï fj; ,smshla hjkd úlag¾ yshqf.da “uu wÆ;a ‍fmd;la ,shkakg mgka .;a;d' th uf.a idys;H Èúfha jeo.;a ks¾udKhla fjhs”''''hkqfjka ,Sfõh' fï hq.fha wdrïN ù ;snqKq frdhsg¾ mqj;a fiajfha fiajh l< wfhls w,dka fudkafï' úlag¾ yshqf.daf.a wÆ;a ks¾udKh .ek Tyq ckudOH fj; f;dr;=re fy<s lsÍfuka miqj ‍f,aLlhd fj; ,efnkakg jQ ,sms .Kk f;.=Khla njg m;a úh' Tyqf.a Guernesey ksfji fj; meñKs we;eï rislhka f.j;af;ka tmsg /£ isg wÆ;a ‍fmd; ìysfjk ;=re msgù fkdhk njg o ;¾ckh lr ;sfí' fuh jkdys oykj jk ishjfia m%xYldrhd ‍fmd;a lshjkakg oelajQ ,eÈhdj fmkakqï lrkakls' ‍fmd;g weÆï lrkd mdGlfhda fkdisáhd kï we;eï úgl úlag¾ yshqf.da w;ska fï uyd ks¾udKh ìys fkdjkakg bv ;snqKs'

úisjk ishjfia uq,a ld,fha§ tfia;a ke;skï m<uq f,dal hqo wjêfha ^1914-1918& ‍fmd;a ìys jQfha wvqfjks' ‍fmd;a lshùfï reÑh wvq fkdjqKq kuqÿ ckhd fm¿fKa Ôú;h /l .ekSfï .egÆfjks' idys;H wdiajdoh fidhd hdu mfil oud l=i.skak ksjd.ekSfï m%h;akh n,j;aj ;snqKs' ta Èkj, meßisfha ,laiïn¾.a WoHdkhg wdikak msysá Martin Wiel kue;af;l= úiska mj;ajdf.k .sh l=vd ‍fmd;a lvfha rdlalj, ‍fmd;a ;snqfKa ke;' ‍fmd;a ,shkd ‍f,aLlfhda wvq fkdjqjo tajd m%ldYhg m;ajQfha wvqfjks' m%ldYhg m;a jqjo fnod yerefKa wvqfjks' by; lshQ ‍fmd;a lvh WoEik újr lrkd úg wvqu ;rñka úiaila muK fokd Èkm;d tys /£ isáfhaÆ' Tjqkaf.a tlu jqjukdj jQfha wÆ;a ‍fmd;la ñ,hg .ekSuhs' Tjqyq ‍fmd;a b,a,d fldam f.k we;af;a “udf.a mdka f.äh §mx''''”hkqfjka lshñks' l=i.sks ksjd.kakd mdka f.ähg;a jvd ‍fmd;la lshùu jeo.;a jQ njh fuhska ixfla;j;a jkafka'

úis tla jk ishji wdrïN fjoa§ m%xYfha ck.ykh ñ,shk 63la úh' fuhska ñ,shk ;syla fokd lshùu tÈfkod mqreoaola lrf.k isáhy' oi fofkl=f.ka yh fofkl= udihlg ‍fmd;a ;=kla lshùu fkdjrojd l<y' ksjfia mqia;ld,hla ;sìu wd;au wNsudkhg fya;= úh' fm!oa.,sl mqia;ld,hla hkq ;ukaf.a iudÔh meje;au yd nqoaêuh ia:djrh m%ldY lrkakls' foaY.=Kh úm¾hdi l=ula jqjo >D;= fNaoh .Kklg fkdf.k iS;fha§ wjkay,a ;=<§"

.%sIaufha§ yß; WoHdkhkayso ‍fmd;a lshjkafkda ne¨ ne¨ w; úh' tfy;a f.ù we;s jir oy y;rl ld,h ;=< fndfyda foa fjkia ù ;sfí'

´kEu rgl fukau m%xYfhao úYd, wdh;k úiska mj;ajd f.k ‍fmd; lv iy iajdëk ‍fmd;a wf,ú lrkafkda úiska mj;ajdf.k hk ‍fmd;a idmamq fj;s' wo Èkfha fï fofldgiu uqyqK md we;af;a oeä wd¾:sl lvd jeàulghs' ,dN fkd,eìfï fya;=j u; 2005 isg 2012 olajd ld,h ;=< nxfldf<d;a jqKq iajdëk ‍fmd;a m%ldYlhkaf.a .Kk 121ls' f.jqKq f;jir ;=< meßia k.rfha muKla jid oukd ,o ‍fmd;a idmamq .Kk 32ls' oYl .Kkdjla mqrd m%lg kula Èk isá Librairie del Luca" The Village Voice" Contact jeks ‍fmd;a idmamq jeiS .shy' meÍisfha bx.%Sis ‍fmd;a lv w;f¾ uq,skau isá The Village Voice idmamqj lf,l uf.a ksrka;r iud.uhg ,la jqKq ;ekls' jirlg fmr ia:sr f,iu tys fodrj,a jeiS hkakg fmr whs;sldßh jqK Odile Hellier ud iu. lshd isáfha ‍fmd;a lvj,a jeiS hkafka yqfolau j;auka f,dalfha mj;sk wd¾:sl lvd jeàï ksid fkdjk njhs'

wka;¾cd,fha ‍fmd;a wf,ú lrkd ñ,g wmsg wf,ú lrkakg neye' idmamqjl§ ‍fmd;a ñ, jeä jkafka nÿ ksihs' fiajl jegqma ksihs' úÿ,s ì,a ksihs' tfy;a wka;¾cd,hg fï lsisjla keye' yqfolau ;eme,a .dia;= muKhs''''''” weh lSjdh'

wo ckm%sh fjñka mj;sk úoHq;a  ‍fmd;a tfia;a ke;skï e-Book úiska idïm%odhsl mdGlhd fjk;a ÈYdjlg f.k .sh nj meyeÈ,s lreKls' m%xYfha kï ‍fmd;l idudkH ñ, hqfrda 10-20;a w;r fjhs' ‍fmd;a ñ,§ .ekSu kj;d hï wfhl=g úoHq;a ‍fmd;la hqfrda 120lg ñ,§ .; yelsh' wvqu ;rñka ‍fmd;a 200la tljr .nvd lr .kakg úoHq;a ‍fmd; iu;ah' tfukau wka;¾cd,h yryd ‍fmd;la ,nd.ekSug jeh jkafka hqfrdajls' ke;skï folls' ‍fmd;a lshùu jeä úhoulska l< yels nj ienEh' tfy;a wkd.;fha Èkl ‍fmd;a idmamq ke;s iudchla ìys jkq je<elaúh fkdyelsh'

j;auka m%xY idys;Hfha lemS fmfkk ‍f,aLlfhl= iy idys;H újdrlfhl= jk Frederic Beigbeder jir lSmhlg fmr wmQre ‍fmd;la ,sfõh' fï ‍fmd; Premier Bilan apres I’ apocalype kï úh' f,dal úkdYhg miqj b;sß jk idys;H lD;s .ek lshfjk fuys f,dal úkdYh hkqfjka y÷kajd § we;af;a úoHq;a ‍fmd;a úiska wo wms lshjk lvodis ‍fmd;a úkdY lr oeóuhs' f,da m%lg b;d,s ‍f,aLl"  Name of the Rose ,shQ Emberto Eco lshkafka lvodisfhka ksu jqKq ‍fmd;a kue;s jia;=j ñksia b;sydifha ìysjqKq jvd jeo.;au fidhd .ekSu njhs' th ir,h' È.= l,a mj;shs' myiqfjka tyd fuyd f.k hd yelsh' Ndú;h myiqh' kejqï iqj| yuhs' úoHq;a ‍fmd;a fuka fkdfõ' j;=rg jegqKq úg mjd fõ,df.k lshjkakg mq¿jk'

‍fmd;a lvj,a jefikafka m%xYfha muKla fkdfõ' f,dal idys;H i.rd w;f¾ uq,a ;ek isák  New Yoker lshd isákafka Èklg ‍fmd;a idmamq folla f,dalfha fldfya fyda rgl jefiñka ;sfnkd njhs' ‍fmd;a idmamq mj;ajdf.k hdug uqo,ska wdOdr ,ndfok rchka we;af;a wf;a we.s,s .Kkg wvq m%udKhls' m%xYho tjeks rgls' f.jqKq jif¾ foieïn¾ udifha m%xYfha m%Odk fmf<a ‍fmd;a idmamq je,la jk Chapitreg

wh;a jk idmamq 57la jid oukakg ;SrKh lrkd ,§' rch ueÈy;a ù fjf<|i,a 34la fírd .;a;o b;sß 23 fírd .ekSfï yelshdj wysñ úh' tl w;lska n,kd l, wo Wodù we;af;a o hqo iuhls' ‍fmd;a lshùu mfil ;nd wfkla jeo.;a jqjukdjka bgq lr .; hq;= ld,hls' Èfkka Èk l¾udka; Yd,d jefiñka ú/lshdj ñ,shk 11la olajd by< ke.S ;sfnkd rgl ‍fmd;a idmamq fírd .ekSu mfil ;nd jvd jeo.;a ld¾hhkays ksr; ùug rch W;aidy lrkq ksielh'

uxcq, fiakdr;ak meÍisfha isg iuqÿrg ,shqjls

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